System Design

Self-Hosted:

$5 per TB or $0.005 per GB for HDD/SAS. $50 per TB or $0.05 per GB for SSD.

Cloud: $10 per TB or $0.01 per GB/Month for HDD/SAS. $100 per TB or $0.10 per GB/Month for SSD.

Back of the Envelope Numbers

Operation	Latency	Throughput	1 MiB	1 GiB
Sequential Memory R/W (64 bytes)	0.5 ns
-- Single Thread, No SIMD		10 GiB/s	100 μs	100 ms
-- Single Thread, SIMD		20 GiB/s	50 μs	50 ms
-- Threaded, No SIMD		30 GiB/s	35 μs	35 ms
-- Threaded, SIMD		35 GiB/s	30 μs	30 ms
Hashing, not crypto-safe (64 bytes)	25 ns	2 GiB/s	500 μs	500 ms
Random Memory R/W (64 bytes)	50 ns	1 GiB/s	1 ms	1s
Fast Serialization `[8]` `[9]` †	N/A	1 GiB/s	1 ms	1s
Fast Deserialization `[8]` `[9]` †	N/A	1 GiB/s	1 ms	1s
System Call	500 ns	N/A	N/A	N/A
Hashing, crypto-safe (64 bytes)	500 ns	200 MiB/s	10 ms	10s
Sequential SSD read (8 KiB)	1 μs	4 GiB/s	200 μs	200 ms
Context Switch `[1] [2]`	10 μs	N/A	N/A	N/A
Sequential SSD write, -fsync (8KiB)	10 μs	1 GiB/s	1 ms	1s
TCP Echo Server (32 KiB)	10 μs	4 GiB/s	200 μs	200 ms
Decompression `[11]`	N/A	1 GiB/s	1 ms	1s
Compression `[11]`	N/A	500 MiB/s	2 ms	2s
Sequential SSD write, +fsync (8KiB)	1 ms	10 MiB/s	100 ms	2 min
Sorting (64-bit integers)	N/A	200 MiB/s	5 ms	5s
Random SSD Seek (8 KiB)	100 μs	70 MiB/s	15 ms	15s
Serialization `[8]` `[9]` †	N/A	100 MiB/s	10 ms	10s
Deserialization `[8]` `[9]` †	N/A	100 MiB/s	10 ms	10s
Proxy: Envoy/ProxySQL/Nginx/HAProxy	50 μs	?	?	?
Network within same region `[6]`	250 μs	100 MiB/s	10 ms	10s
{MySQL, Memcached, Redis, ..} Query	500 μs	?	?	?
Random HDD Seek (8 KiB)	10 ms	0.7 MiB/s	2 s	30m
Network between regions `[6]`	Varies	25 MiB/s	40 ms	40s
Network NA East <-> West	60 ms	25 MiB/s	40 ms	40s
Network EU West <-> NA East	80 ms	25 MiB/s	40 ms	40s
Network NA West <-> Singapore	180 ms	25 MiB/s	40 ms	40s
Network EU West <-> Singapore	160 ms	25 MiB/s	40 ms	40s

What	Amount	$ / Month	$ / Hour
CPU	1	$10	$0.02
Memory	1 GB	$1
SSD	1 GB	$0.1
Disk	1 GB	$0.01
S3, GCS, ..	1 GB	$0.01
Network	1 GB	$0.01